This section describes the devices in Cirq for Google hardware devices and their usage. Since quantum hardware is an active area of research, hardware specifications and best practices are constantly evolving in an attempt to continuously improve performance. While this information should be a solid base for beginning your quantum application, please work with your Google sponsor to obtain the latest information on devices that you plan to use.
General limitations
Qubits on Google devices are laid out in a grid structure. Connectivity is limited to adjacent qubits, either horizontally or vertically.
Measurement takes much longer than other gates. Currently, the only supported configuration is to have terminal measurement in the final moment of a circuit.
Most devices have a limited set of gates that can be applied. Gates not in that set must be decomposed into an equivalent circuit using gates within the set. See below for those restrictions.
There are some limitations to the total circuit length due to hardware limitations. Several factors can influence this limit, but this can be estimated at about 40 microseconds of total circuit run-time. Circuits that exceed this limit will return a "Program too long" error code.
Moment structure
The hardware will attempt to run your circuit as it exists in Cirq to the extent possible. The device will respect the moment structure of your circuit and will execute successive moments in a serial fashion.
The only exception is that identity gates (such as cirq.Z ** 0) and virtual
Z gates (see below) will not actually perform any hardware actions.
If a moment contains only these "virtual" gates, it will disappear.
For example, this circuit will execute the two gates in parallel:
cirq.Circuit(
cirq.Moment(cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(4,4)), cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(4,5)))
)
This circuit will execute the two gates in serial:
cirq.Circuit(
cirq.Moment(cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(4,4))),
cirq.Moment(cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(4,5)))
)
Lastly, this circuit will only execute one gate, since the first gate is virtual and its moment will disappear:
cirq.Circuit(
cirq.Moment(cirq.Z(cirq.GridQubit(4,4))),
cirq.Moment(cirq.X(cirq.GridQubit(4,5)))
)
The duration of a moment is the time of its longest gate. For example, if a moment has gates of duration 12ns, 25ns, and 32ns, the entire moment will take 32ns. Qubits executing the shorter gates will idle during the rest of the time. To minimize the duration of the circuit, it is best to align gates of the same duration together when possible. See the best practices for more details.
Device Parameter Sweeps
Certain device parameters can be changed for the duration of a circuit in order to support hardware parameter sweeps. For instance, frequencies, amplitudes, and various other parameters can be modified in order to find optimal values or explore the parameter space.
These parameter names are generally not public, so you will need to work with a Google sponsor or resident in order to access the proper key names. These parameters are specified as lists of strings representing a path from the device config's folder (or the "sample folder").
These keys can be swept like any other symbol using the
cirq_google.study.DeviceParameter variable. For instance, the
following code will sweep qubit (4,8)'s pi amplitude from 0.0 to 1.0
in 0.02 increments.
descriptor = cirq_google.study.DeviceParameter( ["q4_8", "piAmp"])
sweep = cirq.Linspace("q4_8.piAmp", 0, 1, 51, metadata=descriptor)
Any DeviceParameter keys that are set to a single value using a cirq.Points
object will change that value for all circuits run.
If units are required, they should be specified as a string (such as 'MHz')
using the units argument of the DeviceParameter.
Gates supported
The following lists the gates supported by Google devices. Please note that gate durations are subject to change as hardware is updated and modified, so please refer to the device specification to get up-to-date information on supported gates and durations for specific processors.
In addition, please note that all gates will have variations and errors that vary from device to device and from qubit to qubit. This can include both incoherent as well as coherent error.
One qubit gates
Google devices support arbitrary one-qubit gates of any rotation.
The full complement of these rotations can be accessed by using the
cirq.PhasedXZGate. More restrictive one-qubit gates, such as
the Pauli gates cirq.X, cirq.Y, cirq.Z, as well as the
gate cirq.PhasedXPowGate can also be natively executed.
One qubit rotations have a duration of 25 ns on most Google devices.
Virtual Z gates
Rotation around the Z axis is not a hardware operation on its own. Instead, the compilation keeps track of the Z phase rotations, commuting them forward through the circuit until a non-commuting gate is reached. This compilation is handled automatically for you. Adding a Z gate will generally not add any duration to the circuit, though it may modify how the other gates are applied.
What this means is that cirq.Z and cirq.ZPowGate gates will
have zero duration on the device. Any moments containing only
these gates will silently disappear from the circuit. Even when
this gate is absorbed by non-commuting gates, such as the square
root of iSWAP, already have physical Z gates, so this absorption
still does not add duration to the circuit.
Physical Z gates
While most applications prefer shorter circuit durations and virtual Z gates, Google hardware does offer the possibility of applying a physical Z gate that performs a hardware operation to affect the frequency of the qubit.
This can be done by applying a PhysicalZTag to the Z gate, such as in the following example:
cirq.Z(cirq.GridQubit(5, 5)).with_tags(cirq_google.PhysicalZTag())
Physical Z gates have a duration of 20 ns on most Google devices.
Two Qubit Gates
Google devices provide several options for two-qubit gates. The availability of these gates is controlled by the gateset parameter that is used.
Note that current hardware gates are noisy and not homogenous across the device. Unitaries provided below are for the ideal case. Real unitaries applied to the qubit may vary from qubit to qubit and may drift over time.
Sycamore Gate
The hardware provides a gate known as the Sycamore gate that can
be accessed using cirq_google.SYC. This gate is equivalent to
an FSimGate(π/2, π/6). That is, it does both a partial swap and
controlled phase rotation of the |11⟩ state.
The unitary of this gate, which can also be found via the cirq.unitary
function, is:
\[ \left[ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -i & 0 \\ 0 & -i & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & e^{-i \frac{\pi}{6} } \end{matrix} \right] \]
This gate has a duration of 12ns and can be used in cirq_google.SYC_GATESET
or in the cirq_google.FSIM_GATESET.
Square root of iSWAP
The hardware provides the square root of the iSWAP gate
using cirq.ISWAP ** 0.5. This gate is equivalent to an FSimGate(-π/4, 0).
The inverse (cirq.ISWAP ** -0.5) is also available.
The unitary of this gate, which can also be found via the cirq.unitary
function, is:
\[ \left[ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} } & \frac{i}{\sqrt{2} } & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{i}{\sqrt{2} }& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} } & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix} \right] \]
This gate has a duration of 32ns and can be used in
cirq_google.SQRT_ISWAP_GATESET or in the cirq_google.FSIM_GATESET.
This gate is implemented by using an entangling gate surrounded by Z gates. The preceding Z gates are physical Z gates and will absorb any phases that have accumulated through the use of Virtual Z gates. Following the entangler are virtual Z gates to match phases back. All of this is computed and handled for the user automatically.
Users should note that this gate is approximate and calibrated for average performance across the entire processor. In particular, average variations of the 'phi' angle of about π/24 have been observed on some devices.
CZ gate
The controlled-Z gate cirq.CZ is experimentally available on some
devices. Be sure to check with your sponsor or in the device specification
to see if it is available on the processor you are using.
This gate is equivalent to FSimGate(0, π). It has an approximate duration of 26ns.
FSim gateset
The cirq.FSIM_GATESET provides all three of the above gates in one set.
In addition, by using this combined gate set, the FSimGate can be parameterized,
which allows for efficient sweeps across varying two-qubit gates.
Note that providing a theta/phi combination that
is not one of the above gates will cause an error when run on hardware.
Wait gate
For decay experiments and other applications, a WaitGate is provided
that causes the device to idle for a specified amount of time.
This can be accomplished by specifying a cirq.WaitGate.
Subcircuits
Circuits with a repetitive structure can benefit from using
cirq.CircuitOperation to specify "subcircuits" within the overall circuit.
Using this type condenses the serialized representation of the circuit, which
may help for circuits that would otherwise run into size limitations.
Parameterized Gates
Circuits for Google devices could contain gates parameterized by Sympy
expressions, but only a subset of Sympy expression types are supported:
sympy.Symbol, sympy.Add, sympy.Mul, and sympy.Pow.
Specific Device Layouts
The following devices are provided as part of Cirq and can help you get your circuit ready for running on hardware by verifying that you are using appropriate qubits.
Note that real hardware does not always have all qubits enabled, and it is important to check the device specification for the processor that you will attempt to run on to make sure that the qubits your circuit uses are actually active. Regular calibration and maintenance can disable and enable misbehaving qubits, so the grid configuration can change on a daily basis.
Sycamore
The Sycamore device is a 54 qubit device introduced in 2019 with a publication in Nature. Note that the supremacy result in the paper utilized a device that had 53 qubits since one qubit had malfunctioned.
It can be accessed using cirq.GridQubit(row, col) using grid coordinates specified below.
0123456789
0 -----AB---
1 ----ABCD--
2 ---ABCDEF-
3 --ABCDEFGH
4 -ABCDEFGHI
5 ABCDEFGHI-
6 -CDEFGHI--
7 --EFGHI---
8 ---GHI----
9 ----I-----
It can be accessed by using cirq_google.Sycamore. This device has two possible
two-qubits gates that can be used.
- Square root of ISWAP. The gate
cirq.ISWAP ** 0.5orcirq.ISWAP ** -0.5can be used oncirq_google.optimized_for_sycamorewith optimizer typesqrt_iswap - Sycamore gate. This gate, equivalent to FSimGate(π/2, π/6) can be used as
cirq_google.SYCor by usingcirq.FsimGate(numpy.pi/2,numpy.pi/6). Circuits can be compiled to use this gate by usingcirq_google.optimized_for_sycamorewith optimizer typesycamore
Sycamore23
The Sycamore23 chip is a 23-qubit subset of the Sycamore chip that is easier to work with and presents less hardware-related complications than using the full Sycamore device.
0123456789
0 ----------
1 ----------
2 ----------
3 --A-------
4 -ABC------
5 ABCDE-----
6 -CDEFG----
7 --EFGHI---
8 ---GHI----
9 ----I-----
This grid can be accessed using cirq_google.Sycamore23 and uses the same gate sets and
compilation as the Sycamore device.