cirq.PauliString

Represents a multi-qubit pauli operator or pauli observable.

Inherits From: Operation

cirq.PauliString(
    *contents,
    qubit_pauli_map: Optional[Dict[TKey, 'cirq.Pauli']] = None,
    coefficient: 'cirq.TParamValComplex' = 1
)

Used in the notebooks

Used in the tutorials

cirq.PauliString represents a multi-qubit pauli operator, i.e. a tensor product of single qubit (non identity) pauli operations, each acting on a different qubit. For example,

If more than one pauli operation acts on the same set of qubits, their composition is immediately reduced to an equivalent (possibly multi-qubit) Pauli operator. Also, identity operations are dropped by the PauliString class. For example:

a, b = cirq.LineQubit.range(2)
print(cirq.X(a) * cirq.Y(b)) # Tensor product of Pauli's acting on different qubits.
X(q(0))*Y(q(1))
print(cirq.X(a) * cirq.Y(a)) # Composition is reduced to an equivalent PauliString.
1j*Z(q(0))
print(cirq.X(a) * cirq.I(b)) # Identity operations are dropped by default.
X(q(0))
print(cirq.PauliString()) # String representation of an "empty" PaulString is "I".
I

cirq.PauliString is often used to represent:

PauliStrings can be constructed via various different ways, some examples are given as follows:

a, b, c = cirq.LineQubit.range(3)
print(cirq.PauliString([cirq.X(a), cirq.X(a)]))
I
print(cirq.PauliString(-1, cirq.X(a), cirq.Y(b), cirq.Z(c)))
-X(q(0))*Y(q(1))*Z(q(2))
print(-1 * cirq.X(a) * cirq.Y(b) * cirq.Z(c))
-X(q(0))*Y(q(1))*Z(q(2))
print(cirq.PauliString({a: cirq.X}, [-2, 3, cirq.Y(a)]))
-6j*Z(q(0))
print(cirq.PauliString({a: cirq.I, b: cirq.X}))
X(q(1))
print(cirq.PauliString({a: cirq.Y}, qubit_pauli_map={a: cirq.X}))
1j*Z(q(0))

Note that cirq.PauliStrings are immutable objects. If you need a mutable version of pauli strings, see cirq.MutablePauliString.

*contents A value or values to convert into a pauli string. This can be a number, a pauli operation, a dictionary from qubit to pauli/identity gates, or collections thereof. If a list of values is given, they are each individually converted and then multiplied from left to right in order.
qubit_pauli_map Initial dictionary mapping qubits to pauli operations. Defaults to the empty dictionary. Note that, unlike dictionaries passed to contents, this dictionary must not contain any identity gate values. Further note that this argument specifies values that are logically before factors specified in contents; contents are right multiplied onto the values in this dictionary.
coefficient Initial scalar coefficient or symbol. Defaults to 1.

TypeError If the qubit_pauli_map has values that are not Paulis.

classical_controls The classical controls gating this operation.
coefficient A scalar coefficient or symbol.
gate Returns a cirq.DensePauliString
qubits Returns a tuple of qubits on which this pauli string acts.
tags Returns a tuple of the operation's tags.
untagged Returns the underlying operation without any tags.

Methods

after

View source

after(
    ops: 'cirq.OP_TREE'
) -> 'cirq.PauliString'

Determines the equivalent pauli string after some operations.

If the PauliString is \(P\) and the Clifford operation is \(C\), then the result is \(C P C^\dagger\).

Args
ops A stabilizer operation or nested collection of stabilizer operations.

Returns
The result of propagating this pauli string from before to after the given operations.

before

View source

before(
    ops: 'cirq.OP_TREE'
) -> 'cirq.PauliString'

Determines the equivalent pauli string before some operations.

If the PauliString is \(P\) and the Clifford operation is \(C\), then the result is \(C^\dagger P C\).

Args
ops A stabilizer operation or nested collection of stabilizer operations.

Returns
The result of propagating this pauli string from after to before the given operations.

conjugated_by

View source

conjugated_by(
    clifford: 'cirq.OP_TREE'
) -> 'PauliString'

Returns the Pauli string conjugated by a clifford operation.

The product-of-Paulis \(P\) conjugated by the Clifford operation \(C\) is

$$
C^\dagger P C
$$

For example, conjugating a +Y operation by an S operation results in a +X operation (as opposed to a -X operation).

In a circuit diagram where P is a pauli string observable immediately after a Clifford operation C, the pauli string P.conjugated_by(C) is the equivalent pauli string observable just before C.

--------------------------C---P---

= ---C---P------------------------

= ---C---P---------C^-1---C-------

= ---C---P---C^-1---------C-------

= --(C^-1 · P · C)--------C-------

= ---P.conjugated_by(C)---C-------

Analogously, a Pauli product P can be moved from before a Clifford C in a circuit diagram to after the Clifford C by conjugating P by the inverse of C:

---P---C---------------------------

= -----C---P.conjugated_by(C^-1)---

Args
clifford The Clifford operation to conjugate by. This can be an individual operation, or a tree of operations.

Note that the composite Clifford operation defined by a sequence of operations is equivalent to a circuit containing those operations in the given order. Somewhat counter-intuitively, this means that the operations in the sequence are conjugated onto the Pauli string in reverse order. For example, P.conjugated_by([C1, C2]) is equivalent to P.conjugated_by(C2).conjugated_by(C1).

Examples

>>> a, b = cirq.LineQubit.range(2)
>>> print(cirq.X(a).conjugated_by(cirq.CZ(a, b)))
X(q(0))*Z(q(1))
>>> print(cirq.X(a).conjugated_by(cirq.S(a)))
-Y(q(0))
>>> print(cirq.X(a).conjugated_by([cirq.H(a), cirq.CNOT(a, b)]))
Z(q(0))*X(q(1))

Returns
The Pauli string conjugated by the given Clifford operation.

controlled_by

View source

controlled_by(
    *control_qubits,
    control_values: Optional[Union[cv.AbstractControlValues, Sequence[Union[int, Collection[int]]]]
        ] = None
) -> 'cirq.Operation'

Returns a controlled version of this operation. If no control_qubits are specified, returns self.

Args
*control_qubits Qubits to control the operation by. Required.
control_values For which control qubit values to apply the operation. A sequence of the same length as control_qubits where each entry is an integer (or set of integers) corresponding to the qubit value (or set of possible values) where that control is enabled. When all controls are enabled, the operation is applied. If unspecified, control values default to 1.

dense

View source

dense(
    qubits: Sequence[TKey]
) -> 'cirq.DensePauliString'

Returns a cirq.DensePauliString version of this Pauli string.

This method satisfies the invariant P.dense(qubits).on(*qubits) == P.

Args
qubits The implicit sequence of qubits used by the dense pauli string. Specifically, if the returned dense Pauli string was applied to these qubits (via its on method) then the result would be a Pauli string equivalent to the receiving Pauli string.

Returns
A cirq.DensePauliString instance D such that D.on(*qubits) equals the receiving cirq.PauliString instance P.

Raises
ValueError If the number of qubits is too small.

equal_up_to_coefficient

View source

equal_up_to_coefficient(
    other: 'cirq.PauliString'
) -> bool

Returns true of self and other are equal pauli strings, ignoring the coefficient.

expectation_from_density_matrix

View source

expectation_from_density_matrix(
    state: np.ndarray,
    qubit_map: Mapping[TKey, int],
    *,
    atol: float = 1e-07,
    check_preconditions: bool = True
) -> float

Evaluate the expectation of this PauliString given a density matrix.

Compute the expectation value of this PauliString with respect to an array representing a density matrix. By convention expectation values are defined for Hermitian operators, and so this method will fail if this PauliString is non-Hermitian.

state must be an array representation of a density matrix and have shape (2 ** n, 2 ** n) or (2, 2, ..., 2) (2*n entries), where state is expressed over n qubits.

qubit_map must assign an integer index to each qubit in this PauliString that determines which bit position of a computational basis state that qubit corresponds to. For example if state represents \(|0\rangle |+\rangle\) and q0, q1 = cirq.LineQubit.range(2) then:

cirq.X(q0).expectation(state, qubit_map={q0: 0, q1: 1}) = 0
cirq.X(q0).expectation(state, qubit_map={q0: 1, q1: 0}) = 1

Args
state An array representing a valid density matrix.
qubit_map A map from all qubits used in this PauliString to the indices of the qubits that state is defined over.
atol Absolute numerical tolerance.
check_preconditions Whether to check that state represents a valid density matrix.

Returns
The expectation value of the input state.

Raises
NotImplementedError If this PauliString is non-Hermitian or parameterized.
TypeError If the input state is not complex.
ValueError If the input state does not have the correct shape.

expectation_from_state_vector

View source

expectation_from_state_vector(
    state_vector: np.ndarray,
    qubit_map: Mapping[TKey, int],
    *,
    atol: float = 1e-07,
    check_preconditions: bool = True
) -> float

Evaluate the expectation of this PauliString given a state vector.

Compute the expectation value of this PauliString with respect to a state vector. By convention expectation values are defined for Hermitian operators, and so this method will fail if this PauliString is non-Hermitian.

state must be an array representation of a state vector and have shape (2 ** n, ) or (2, 2, ..., 2) (n entries) where state is expressed over n qubits.

qubit_map must assign an integer index to each qubit in this PauliString that determines which bit position of a computational basis state that qubit corresponds to. For example if state represents \(|0\rangle |+\rangle\) and q0, q1 = cirq.LineQubit.range(2) then:

cirq.X(q0).expectation(state, qubit_map={q0: 0, q1: 1}) = 0
cirq.X(q0).expectation(state, qubit_map={q0: 1, q1: 0}) = 1

Args
state_vector An array representing a valid state vector.
qubit_map A map from all qubits used in this PauliString to the indices of the qubits that state_vector is defined over.
atol Absolute numerical tolerance.
check_preconditions Whether to check that state_vector represents a valid state vector.

Returns
The expectation value of the input state.

Raises
NotImplementedError If this PauliString is non-Hermitian or parameterized.
TypeError If the input state is not complex.
ValueError If the input state does not have the correct shape.

frozen

View source

frozen() -> 'cirq.PauliString'

Returns a cirq.PauliString with the same contents.

get

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get(
    key: Any, default: Optional[TDefault] = None
) -> Union[pauli_gates.Pauli, TDefault, None]

Returns the cirq.Pauli operation acting on qubit key or default if none exists.

items

View source

items() -> ItemsView[TKey, pauli_gates.Pauli]

Returns (cirq.Qid, cirq.Pauli) pairs representing 1-qubit operations of pauli string.

keys

View source

keys() -> KeysView[TKey]

Returns the sequence of qubits on which this pauli string acts.

map_qubits

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map_qubits(
    qubit_map: Dict[TKey, TKeyNew]
) -> 'cirq.PauliString[TKeyNew]'

Replaces every qubit q in self.qubits with qubit_map[q].

Args
qubit_map A map from qubits in the pauli string to new qubits.

Returns
A new PauliString with remapped qubits.

Raises
ValueError If the map does not contain an entry for all qubits in the pauli string.

matrix

View source

matrix(
    qubits: Optional[Iterable[TKey]] = None
) -> np.ndarray

Returns the matrix of self in computational basis of qubits.

Args
qubits Ordered collection of qubits that determine the subspace in which the matrix representation of the Pauli string is to be computed. Qubits absent from self.qubits are acted on by the identity. Defaults to self.qubits.

Raises
NotImplementedError If this PauliString is parameterized.

mutable_copy

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mutable_copy() -> 'cirq.MutablePauliString'

Returns a new cirq.MutablePauliString with the same contents.

pass_operations_over

View source

pass_operations_over(
    ops: Iterable['cirq.Operation'], after_to_before: bool = False
) -> 'PauliString'

Determines how the Pauli string changes when conjugated by Cliffords.

The output and input pauli strings are related by a circuit equivalence. In particular, this circuit:

───ops───INPUT_PAULI_STRING───

will be equivalent to this circuit:

───OUTPUT_PAULI_STRING───ops───

up to global phase (assuming after_to_before is not set).

If ops together have matrix C, the Pauli string has matrix P, and the output Pauli string has matrix P', then P' == C^-1 P C up to global phase.

Setting after_to_before inverts the relationship, so that the output is the input and the input is the output. Equivalently, it inverts C.

Args
ops The operations to move over the string.
after_to_before Determines whether the operations start after the pauli string, instead of before (and so are moving in the opposite direction).

to_z_basis_ops

View source

to_z_basis_ops() -> Iterator[cirq.Operation]

Returns single qubit operations to convert the qubits to the computational basis.

transform_qubits

View source

transform_qubits(
    qubit_map: Union[Dict['cirq.Qid', 'cirq.Qid'], Callable[['cirq.Qid'], 'cirq.Qid']]
) -> Self

Returns the same operation, but with different qubits.

Args
qubit_map A function or a dict mapping each current qubit into a desired new qubit.

Returns
The receiving operation but with qubits transformed by the given function.

Raises
TypeError qubit_map was not a function or dict mapping qubits to qubits.

validate_args

View source

validate_args(
    qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']
)

Raises an exception if the qubits don't match this operation's qid shape.

Call this method from a subclass's with_qubits method.

Args
qubits The new qids for the operation.

Raises
ValueError The operation had qids that don't match it's qid shape.

values

View source

values() -> ValuesView[cirq.Pauli]

Ordered sequence of cirq.Pauli gates acting on self.keys().

with_classical_controls

View source

with_classical_controls(
    *conditions
) -> 'cirq.Operation'

Returns a classically controlled version of this operation.

An operation that is classically controlled is executed iff all conditions evaluate to True. Conditions can be either a measurement key or a user-specified cirq.Condition. A measurement key evaluates to True iff any qubit in the corresponding measurement operation evaluated to a non-zero value; cirq.Condition supports more complex, user-defined conditions.

If no conditions are specified, returns self.

The classical control will remove any tags on the existing operation, since tags are fragile, and we always opt to get rid of the tags when the underlying operation is changed.

Args
*conditions A list of measurement keys, strings that can be parsed into measurement keys, or sympy expressions where the free symbols are measurement key strings.

Returns
A ClassicallyControlledOperation wrapping the operation. If no conditions are specified, returns self.

with_coefficient

View source

with_coefficient(
    new_coefficient: 'cirq.TParamValComplex'
) -> 'PauliString'

Returns a new PauliString with self.coefficient replaced with new_coefficient.

with_probability

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with_probability(
    probability: 'cirq.TParamVal'
) -> 'cirq.Operation'

Creates a probabilistic channel with this operation.

Args
probability floating point value between 0 and 1, giving the probability this gate is applied.

Returns
cirq.RandomGateChannel that applies self with probability probability and the identity with probability 1-p.

Raises
NotImplementedError if called on an operation that lacks a gate.

with_qubits

View source

with_qubits(
    *new_qubits
) -> 'PauliString'

Returns a new PauliString with self.qubits mapped to new_qubits.

Args
new_qubits The new qubits to replace self.qubits by.

Returns
PauliString with mapped qubits.

Raises
ValueError If len(new_qubits) != len(self.qubits).

with_tags

View source

with_tags(
    *new_tags
) -> 'cirq.Operation'

Creates a new TaggedOperation, with this op and the specified tags.

This method can be used to attach meta-data to specific operations without affecting their functionality. The intended usage is to attach classes intended for this purpose or strings to mark operations for specific usage that will be recognized by consumers. Specific examples include ignoring this operation in optimization passes, hardware-specific functionality, or circuit diagram customizability.

Tags can be a list of any type of object that is useful to identify this operation as long as the type is hashable. If you wish the resulting operation to be eventually serialized into JSON, you should also restrict the operation to be JSON serializable.

Args
*new_tags The tags to wrap this operation in.

without_classical_controls

View source

without_classical_controls() -> 'cirq.Operation'

Removes all classical controls from the operation.

This function removes all classical controls gating the operation. It acts recursively, so that all classical control wrappers are always removed from the current operation.

If there are no classical controls on the operation, it will return self.

Since tags are fragile, this will also remove any tags from the operation, when called on TaggedOperation (unless there are no classical controls on it). If a TaggedOperation is under all the classical control layers, that TaggedOperation will be returned from this function.

Returns
The operation with all classical controls removed.

zip_items

View source

zip_items(
    other: 'cirq.PauliString[TKey]'
) -> Iterator[Tuple[TKey, Tuple[pauli_gates.Pauli, pauli_gates.Pauli]]]

Combines pauli operations from pauli strings in a qubit-by-qubit fashion.

For every qubit that has a cirq.Pauli operation acting on it in both self and other, the method yields a tuple corresponding to (qubit, (pauli_in_self, pauli_in_other)).

Args
other The other cirq.PauliString to zip pauli operations with.

Returns
A sequence of (qubit, (pauli_in_self, pauli_in_other)) tuples for every qubit that has a cirq.Pauli operation acting on it in both self and `other.

zip_paulis

View source

zip_paulis(
    other: 'cirq.PauliString'
) -> Iterator[Tuple[pauli_gates.Pauli, pauli_gates.Pauli]]

Combines pauli operations from pauli strings in a qubit-by-qubit fashion.

For every qubit that has a cirq.Pauli operation acting on it in both self and other, the method yields a tuple corresponding to (pauli_in_self, pauli_in_other).

Args
other The other cirq.PauliString to zip pauli operations with.

Returns
A sequence of (pauli_in_self, pauli_in_other) tuples for every qubit that has a cirq.Pauli operation acting on it in both self and `other.

__add__

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__add__(
    other
)

__bool__

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__bool__()

__contains__

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__contains__(
    key: TKey
) -> bool

__eq__

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__eq__(
    other: _SupportsValueEquality
) -> bool

__getitem__

View source

__getitem__(
    key: TKey
) -> cirq.Pauli

__iter__

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__iter__() -> Iterator[TKey]

__len__

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__len__() -> int

__mul__

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__mul__(
    other
)

__ne__

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__ne__(
    other: _SupportsValueEquality
) -> bool

__neg__

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__neg__() -> 'PauliString'

__pos__

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__pos__() -> 'PauliString'

__pow__

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__pow__(
    power
)

__radd__

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__radd__(
    other
)

__rmul__

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__rmul__(
    other
) -> 'PauliString'

__rpow__

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__rpow__(
    base
)

__rsub__

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__rsub__(
    other
)

__sub__

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__sub__(
    other
)

__truediv__

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__truediv__(
    other
)